• An auction is a type of sale in which bidders compete for an asset.
• Auctions are held in 2 types, in-person and online.
• Bidders in a closed auction, such as the sale of a company, are unaware of competing bids.
• Bidders are aware of the other bids in an open auction, such as a livestock auction.
• Livestock markets where farmers buy and sell animals, car auctions, and auction rooms where collectors bid on works of art are examples of auctions.
Auction Procedure
In an open format, every bidder is aware of the submitted bids. In a closed format, bidders are unaware of competing offers. Auctions can be conducted in person or on an online platform. In an open auction, the asset or service is sold to the party with the highest bid, and in a closed auction, typically to the party with the highest bid.
Example of Auctions
Open Auctions
In an open auction, bidders congregate at a physical location or online exchange to compete for assets. An interested party is aware of competing bids and continues to increase their bid until they are declared the auction winner (i.e., they submitted the final highest bid within the auction time limit) or until they decide to withdraw from the bidding.
Auctions include livestock markets where farmers buy and sell animals, car auctions, and auction rooms at Sotheby's and Christie's where collectors bid on works of art. eBay, the leading online marketplace, hosts online auctions.
When assets are sold at auction, price is not always the deciding factor; a company that is up for sale may choose a buyer who will offer the best terms for its employees.
Closed Format Auctions
In many business transactions, such as the sale of company assets or the entire business, sealed bids are submitted to the seller in a closed auction. This information is only known to the seller. The seller has the option of holding only one round of bidding, or selecting two or more bidders for an additional auction round.
When a division of a company or the entire company is up for sale, price is not the only factor to be considered. For instance, the seller may wish to maintain as many jobs as possible for its employees. If a bidder does not submit the highest price but provides the most favorable terms for employee continuity, the seller may choose that bidder.
Government Auctions
Real estate may become government property through normal purchases, tax foreclosure, or other means. Attending an auction of government-owned property, which may ultimately be sold at attractive prices, is possible for investors interested in land and other assets.
Suppose, for instance, that a manufacturer declares bankruptcy. If the manufacturer owes a significant amount of taxes, the government may seize its capital equipment, including buildings, machinery, equipment, vehicles, and tools, and sell it to other manufacturers. Other manufacturers have an incentive to purchase these capital goods at auction because they can pay less for the used equipment than they would for brand-new equipment.
English Auction
This type of auction is the most common and is also known as an Open ascending auction. The buyers will begin bidding at a low price, and the bid prices will increase until there are no more buyers willing to pay a higher price. The item will be awarded to the highest bidder, who will also be the last person to bid. If the seller has a predetermined reserve price, we must ensure that the highest bid exceeds the reserve price; otherwise, the item will not be sold (since the seller values the item more than any bidder), and the seller will keep the item. The predominant strategy of English auction bidders is to offer less than the item's value. In the real world, however, there is a phenomenon known as the "Winner's Curse," which occurs when a bidder behaves irrationally and bids a price that is higher than the item's true value.
Dutch Auction
The opposite of English auction, Dutch action is also known as Open descending auction. The seller will start the bidding at a high price, and bidders will bid down from this high price until a bidder is willing to accept it. If there is more than one item up for auction, the bidding process will continue until supply and demand are equal.
Sealed Bid Auction
Before the seller publishes the bid prices for comparison, bidders will submit their bid prices to the seller. The Sealed-bid auction typically takes place online and is frequently used for advertisements, construction contracts, commodities, and real estate, as well as by the governments of many nations for refinancing credit as well as foreign exchange or selling inventory goods.
In a first price sealed-bid auction, the winner pays the highest price, and if there are multiple items, those with the second-highest price, third-highest price, etc. receive the remaining items.
William Vickrey was awarded the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on auctions; consequently, the second price sealed-bid auction is also referred to as a Vickrey auction. All bidders tends to bid higher than they would able to do in a first-price sealed-bid auction because the winner will pay a ransom to the second-highest price as opposed to the highest.
Double Auction
Both buyers and sellers will post their acceptable prices on a board or list, and double auction will find a match, then execute the trade at the agreed-upon price. Institutional sales and purchases of stocks/shares are a perfect illustration of a double auction, where a match is found between the bid-price and the ask-price, and a trade is executed when a match is found. Because bidders must precisely evaluate the item, double auctions work well with items that are well-known to bidders. Therefore, double auctions are frequently employed for commodities.
Traditional Auctions vs. Dutch Auctions
A dutch auction is a variation on the standard auction. In 2004, Google (since renamed Alphabet Inc.) issued its initial public offering (IPO) using this method. In this type of auction, prospective purchasers submit bids that include the number of shares they desire and the price they are willing to pay for them.
In the case of Google, the underwriters sorted through the bids after the auction to determine the minimum bid they would accept from buyers. The IPO price per share was $85.
A Dutch auction is also a type of auction in which the price of an item is reduced until a bid is received. Assuming the price is above the reserve price, the first bid placed is the winning bid and results in a sale. In contrast to typical options, the price does not increase as bidders compete. Rarely are Dutch auctions used to price IPOs.
How to Buy a House at an Auction
The majority of people who are interested in purchasing a home begin by browsing online real estate listings or working with a real estate agent. However, those interested in purchasing a home also have a third option: purchasing a property at auction.
Foreclosure and property tax default auctions are the two ways a home can end up being sold at auction. In the first scenario, a foreclosed home is sold at auction because the homeowner has not made mortgage payments for at least a few months. After mortgage default , the property may be subject to foreclosure. For nonpayment, the homeowner's lender can put the home up for auction and force the homeowner out. The home is then sold at auction by trustees hired by the bank.
Similarly, if the homeowner does not pay the assessed property taxes, the home may be auctioned. In this instance, the tax authority seizes the property rather than the bank. A local sheriff, clerk, or the county or local tax authority's comptroller's office conducts the auction.
Local governments, real estate agents, and numerous online resources offer information on home auctions. Although there are significant risks associated with purchasing a home at auction, one of the potential benefits is the possibility of obtaining a discount. Additionally, there may be less competition when purchasing a home at auction (versus buying a home in the traditional way).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Auctions
Auctions have both advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes, rare items can be discovered at auctions. A buyer always has the opportunity to purchase an item at a reduced price at an auction.
In the case of purchasing property at auction, the competitive nature of this method may deter some prospective buyers.
When selling company assets or an entire company, the fact that the seller controls the entire auction process provides numerous benefits. They can create a competitive environment to increase their bargaining leverage and, ultimately, obtain a higher price.
However, the cost of conducting an auction sale can be substantial. The seller must have an auction strategy, which necessitates the assistance of both financial and legal advisors.
Obtaining a bargain is always a possibility, but if there are multiple bidders in an auction, it is also possible that the buyer will pay more due to the competition from other bidders.
Pros of Auctions
• Seller controls process
• Find uncommon items
• Buy at a reduction
• Seller can maximize negotiating leverage
Cons of Auctions
• Competitive process can dissuade a few purchasers
• The cost of conducting an auction is substantial
• Competitive bidding can result in price increases
Auction - FAQs
Who is on the most expensive baseball card ever auctioned?
In 2016, a baseball card of Honus Wagner was sold for $3.12 million.
Can You Withdraw From an Auction Bid?
If you make a bid and quickly realize it was in error, the auction house may allow you to withdraw and pass the item to the next highest bidder. Anyhow, this is not always the case. A bid at a live auction constitutes a legal obligation. It is also possible to be sued if you attempt to withdraw from an auction.
When Auctions Are Illegal
There are illegal activities that are prohibited at auctions. In some countries, ring bidding, the practice of bidding on one's own item to increase competition, is prevalent. Some nations prohibit chandelier bidding, which is the practice of submitting false bids at crucial points in the bidding process in order to create the appearance of greater demand or to prolong bidding momentum.
Collusion may also occur during the bidding process, which occurs when a small group of bidders form a pool and manipulate the auction's outcome. At the conclusion of the official auction, the bidders may participate in an unofficial auction. This practice is also prohibited in some nations.
What Occurs if Nobody Places a Bid at an Auction?
If no one bids at an auction, the auctioneer may submit a vendor bid. If no bids are placed on a property during an auction, the vendor may choose not to re-auction it. In this situation, the owner may negotiate with prospective buyers.
What is a Reverse Auction?
In a reverse auction, sellers bid on the prices at which they are willing to sell their goods or services. The buyer submits a request for a necessary product or service. The sellers then place bids for the price they are willing to accept for the item or service, and the winner is the seller whose bid was the lowest.
How do Silent Auctions Work?
At silent auctions, items for sale are displayed for bidding and purchase by attendees. At silent auctions, there is no auctioneer present; participants place anonymous bids using a bidding number on a bid sheet.
How Do You Win an Auction on eBay?
Individuals can create listings for items they intend to sell on eBay. Typically, these listings include a product description, images, and payment and shipping options. There are two distinct methods for purchasing items on eBay. Some sellers provide a "buy it now" option so that the item can be purchased and paid for immediately. Other listings are auctions where the item is awarded to the highest bidder. If an item is up for auction, the seller sets the opening bid, and interested parties can compete with one another.
Auction Centers
Stockholm Auction House, Sweden – The first known auction house in the world - 1674
Christie's – The world's largest auction house
Sotheby's - The world's second-largest auction house
Types of Auctions
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